Revista de Investigaciones Altoandinas - Journal of High Andean Research

Vol. 25 Núm. 4 (2023)
Artículo de revisión

Gobernanza del Litio en la región Puno: Oportunidades y Desafíos

pdf
  • Fernando Antonio Ramos Zaga
Fernando Antonio Ramos Zaga
Universidad Privada del Norte, Lima, Perú

Publicado 2023-11-04

Palabras clave

  • Altiplano peruano, Puno, Triángulo del Litio, litio, transición energética, geopolítica, baterías eléctricas, gobernanza, recursos minerales, cadena de suministro, sostenibilidad

Derechos de autor 2023 Fernando Antonio Ramos Zaga

Creative Commons License

Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución 4.0.

Cómo citar

Ramos Zaga, F. A. (2023). Gobernanza del Litio en la región Puno: Oportunidades y Desafíos. Revista De Investigaciones Altoandinas - Journal of High Andean Research, 25(4), 262-272. https://doi.org/10.18271/ria.2023.570

Resumen

El litio desempeña un papel cada vez más vital en nuestra transición hacia las fuentes de energía renovables y la producción de baterías para vehículos eléctricos. El objetivo principal de este artículo es analizar los diversos regímenes de gobernanza de Argentina, Chile y Bolivia dentro del Triángulo del Litio. Asimismo, pretende examinar los retos a los que se enfrentan estas naciones para alcanzar sus objetivos políticos. De ese modo, se podrá extraer lecciones valiosas de estas experiencias que puedan aplicarse al desarrollo de la región de Puno. Para tal fin, se ha llevado a cabo una exhaustiva revisión bibliográfica sobre la producción de litio, su cadena de valor y las partes implicadas. Los resultados indican que cada país del Triángulo del Litio ha seguido estrategias únicas basadas en estructuras de gobernanza y entornos normativos diferentes. Sus políticas se centran en aumentar la eficiencia y rentabilidad de la producción de litio, garantizando al mismo tiempo el control estatal de los beneficios asociados. Se concluye que es importante reconocer tanto las ventajas como las desventajas que plantea la extracción de litio a efectos del desarrollo sostenible. Involucrar a las partes interesadas de la sociedad civil junto con los organismos políticos a diferentes niveles resulta crucial para debatir las implicaciones geopolíticas, así como las preocupaciones medioambientales que rodean a las operaciones de extracción de litio.

pdf

Referencias

  1. Abelvik-Lawson, H. (2019). Indigenous environmental rights, participation and lithium mining in Argentina and Bolivia: A Socio-legal analysis. [Doctoral dissertation, University of Essex] https://repository.essex.ac.uk/25797/
  2. Altiparmak, S. O. (2023). China and lithium geopolitics in a changing global market. Chinese Political Science Review, 8(3), 487–506. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41111-022-00227-3
  3. Andersen, A. D., & Wicken, O. (2021). Making sense of how the natural environment shapes innovation, industry dynamics, and sustainability challenges. Innovation and Development, 11(1), 91–117. https://doi.org/10.1080/2157930x.2020.1770975
  4. Barandiarán, J. (2019). Lithium and development imaginaries in Chile, Argentina and Bolivia. World Development, 113, 381–391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.09.019
  5. Carrasco, S., Hernández, J., & Cariaga, V. (2023). The temporalities of natural resources extraction: Imagined futures and the spatialization of the lithium industry in Chile. The Extractive Industries and Society, 15(101310), 101310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2023.101310
  6. Cepal (2023). Lithium extraction and industrialization: opportunities and challenges for Latin America and the Caribbean. https://repository.eclac.org/handle/11362/48965
  7. Church, C., & Crawford, A. (2020). Minerals and the metals for the energy transition: Exploring the conflict implications for mineral-rich, fragile states. En The Geopolitics of the Global Energy Transition (pp. 279–304). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39066-2_12
  8. Costa, C. M., Barbosa, J. C., Gonçalves, R., Castro, H., Campo, F. J. D., & Lanceros-Méndez, S. (2021). Recycling and environmental issues of lithium-ion batteries: Advances, challenges and opportunities. Energy Storage Materials, 37, 433–465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2021.02.032
  9. Dorn, F. M., & Gundermann, H. (2022). Mining companies, indigenous communities, and the state: The political ecology of lithium in Chile (Salar de Atacama) and Argentina (Salar de Olaroz-Cauchari). https://journals.librarypublishing.arizona.edu/jpe/article/id/5014/download/pdf/
  10. Dorn, F. M., & Ruiz Peyré, F. (2020). Lithium as a strategic resource: Geopolitics, industrialization, and mining in Argentina. Journal of Latin American Geography, 19(4), 68–90. https://doi.org/10.1353/lag.2020.0101
  11. Eisler, M. N. (2016). Materials research, super batteries, and the technopolitics of electric automobility. Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences, 46(1), 44–66. https://doi.org/10.1525/hsns.2016.46.1.44
  12. Forget, M., & Bos, V. (2022). Harvesting lithium and sun in the Andes: Exploring energy justice and the new materialities of energy transitions. Energy Research & Social Science, 87(102477), 102477. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2021.102477
  13. Fornillo, B. (2022). El litio latinoamericano en la post-pandemia. Revista Internacional de Comunicación y Desarrollo (RICD), 4(17). https://doi.org/10.15304/ricd.4.17.8772
  14. Fornillo, B., & Lampis, A. (2023). From the Lithium Triangle to the Latin American quarry: The shifting geographies of de-fossilisation. The Extractive Industries and Society, 15(101326), 101326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2023.101326
  15. George, G., Schillebeeckx, S. J. D., & Liak, T. L. (2015). The management of natural resources: An overview and research agenda. Academy of Management Journal, 58(6), 1595–1613. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2015.4006
  16. Graham, J. D., Rupp, J. A., & Brungard, E. (2021). Lithium in the Green energy transition: The quest for both sustainability and security. Sustainability, 13(20), 11274. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132011274
  17. Greim, P., Solomon, A. A., & Breyer, C. (2020). Assessment of lithium criticality in the global energy transition and addressing policy gaps in transportation. Nature Communications, 11(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-18402-y
  18. Hache, E., Seck, G. S., Simoen, M., Bonnet, C., & Carcanague, S. (2019). Critical raw materials and transportation sector electrification: A detailed bottom-up analysis in world transport. Applied Energy, 240, 6–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.02.057
  19. Hailes, O. (2022). Lithium in international law: Trade, investment, and the pursuit of supply chain justice. Journal of International Economic Law, 25(1), 148–170. https://doi.org/10.1093/jiel/jgac002
  20. Haslam, P. A. (2021). The micro-politics of corporate responsibility: How companies shape protest in communities affected by mining. World Development, 139(105322), 105322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105322
  21. Helwege, A. (2015). Challenges with resolving mining conflicts in Latin America. The Extractive Industries and Society, 2(1), 73–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2014.10.003
  22. Heredia, F., Martinez, A. L., & Surraco Urtubey, V. (2020). The importance of lithium for achieving a low-carbon future: overview of the lithium extraction in the ‘Lithium Triangle’. Journal of Energy & Natural Resources Law, 38(3), 213–236. https://doi.org/10.1080/02646811.2020.1784565
  23. Hernandez, D. S., & Newell, P. (2022). Oro blanco: assembling extractivism in the lithium triangle. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 49(5), 945–968. https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2022.2080061
  24. Hernández, D. S., & Newell, P. (2022). Oro blanco: assembling extractivism in the lithium triangle. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 49(5), 945–968. https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2022.2080061
  25. Hollender, R. (2015). Post-growth in the global south: The emergence of alternatives to development in Latin America. Socialism and Democracy, 29(1), 73–101. https://doi.org/10.1080/08854300.2014.998472
  26. Kalantzakos, S., Overland, I., & Vakulchuk, R. (2023). Decarbonisation and critical materials in the context of fraught geopolitics: Europe’s distinctive approach to a net zero future. The International Spectator: A Quarterly Journal of the Istituto Affari Internazionali, 58(1), 3–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/03932729.2022.2157090
  27. Kavanagh, L., Keohane, J., Garcia Cabellos, G., Lloyd, A., & Cleary, J. (2018). Global lithium sources—industrial use and future in the electric vehicle industry: A review. Resources, 7(3), 57. https://doi.org/10.3390/resources7030057
  28. Koirala, B. P., Koliou, E., Friege, J., Hakvoort, R. A., & Herder, P. M. (2016). Energetic communities for community energy: A review of key issues and trends shaping integrated community energy systems. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 56, 722–744. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.11.080
  29. Lee, J., Bazilian, M., Sovacool, B., Hund, K., Jowitt, S. M., Nguyen, T. P., Månberger, A., Kah, M., Greene, S., Galeazzi, C., Awuah-Offei, K., Moats, M., Tilton, J., & Kukoda, S. (2020). Reviewing the material and metal security of low-carbon energy transitions. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 124(109789), 109789. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.109789
  30. Liu, W., & Agusdinata, D. B. (2020). Interdependencies of lithium mining and communities sustainability in Salar de Atacama, Chile. Journal of Cleaner Production, 260(120838), 120838. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120838
  31. Lunde Seefeldt, J. (2020). Lessons from the lithium triangle: Considering policy explanations for the variation in lithium industry development in the “lithium triangle” countries of Chile, Argentina, and Bolivia. Politics & Policy (Statesboro, Ga.), 48(4), 727–765. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12365
  32. Lunde Seefeldt, J. (2022). Water as property: Contention between indigenous communities and the lithium industry for water rights in Chile. Latin American Policy, 13(2), 328–353. https://doi.org/10.1111/lamp.12265
  33. Luong, J. H. T., Tran, C., & Ton-That, D. (2022). A paradox over electric vehicles, mining of lithium for car batteries. Energies, 15(21), 7997. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15217997
  34. Mahmoudzadeh Andwari, A., Pesiridis, A., Rajoo, S., Martinez-Botas, R., & Esfahanian, V. (2017). A review of Battery Electric Vehicle technology and readiness levels. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 78, 414–430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.03.138
  35. Marconi, P., Arengo, F., & Clark, A. (2022). The arid Andean plateau waterscapes and the lithium triangle: flamingos as flagships for conservation of high-altitude wetlands under pressure from mining development. Wetlands Ecology and Management, 30(4), 827–852. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11273-022-09872-6
  36. Mares, D. R. (2022). Understanding cartel viability: Implications for a Latin American lithium suppliers agreement. Energies, 15(15), 5569. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15155569
  37. Marston, A., & Perreault, T. (2017). Consent, coercion andcooperativismo: Mining cooperatives and resource regimes in Bolivia. Environment & Planning A, 49(2), 252–272. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308518x16674008
  38. Maxwell, P., & Mora, M. (2020). Lithium and Chile: looking back and looking forward. Mineral Economics, 33(1–2), 57–71. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13563-019-00181-8
  39. Mayyas, A., Steward, D., & Mann, M. (2019). The case for recycling: Overview and challenges in the material supply chain for automotive li-ion batteries. Sustainable Materials and Technologies, 19(e00087), e00087. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susmat.2018.e00087
  40. Meléndez, E. (2023). Lithium extraction and hydropower development in Bolivia: Climate mitigation versus indigenous environmental justice. Aleph, UCLA Undergraduate Research Journal for the Humanities and Social Sciences, 20(0). https://doi.org/10.5070/l620061627
  41. Narins, T. P. (2017). The battery business: Lithium availability and the growth of the global electric car industry. The Extractive Industries and Society, 4(2), 321–328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2017.01.013
  42. Obaya, M. (2021). The evolution of resource nationalism: The case of Bolivian lithium. The Extractive Industries and Society, 8(3), 100932. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2021.100932
  43. Obaya, M., López, A., & Pascuini, P. (2021). Curb your enthusiasm. Challenges to the development of lithium-based linkages in Argentina. Resources Policy, 70(101912), 101912. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2020.101912
  44. Petavratzi, E., Sanchez-Lopez, D., Hughes, A., Stacey, J., Ford, J., & Butcher, A. (2022). The impacts of environmental, social and governance (ESG) issues in achieving sustainable lithium supply in the Lithium Triangle. Mineral Economics, 35(3–4), 673–699. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13563-022-00332-4
  45. Prieto, M., Calderón-Seguel, M., Fragkou, M. C., & Fuster, R. (2022). The (not-so-free) Chilean water model. The case of the Antofagasta Region, Atacama Desert, Chile. The Extractive Industries and Society, 11(101081), 101081. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2022.101081
  46. Prior, T., Wäger, P. A., Stamp, A., Widmer, R., & Giurco, D. (2013). Sustainable governance of scarce metals: The case of lithium. The Science of the Total Environment, 461–462, 785–791. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.05.042
  47. Quinteros-Condoretty, A. R., Albareda, L., Barbiellini, B., & Soyer, A. (2020). A Socio-technical transition of sustainable lithium industry in Latin America. Procedia Manufacturing, 51, 1737–1747. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2020.10.242
  48. Romero Valenzuela, J. (2020). Natural resource governance, grievances and conflict: The case of the Bolivian lithium program. Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-27236-4_7
  49. Sanchez-Lopez, D. (2019). Sustainable governance of strategic minerals: Post-neoliberalism and lithium in Bolivia. Environment, 61(6), 18–30. https://doi.org/10.1080/00139157.2019.1662659
  50. Sanchez-Lopez, M. D. (2021). Territory and lithium extraction: The Great Land of Lipez and the Uyuni Salt Flat in Bolivia. Political Geography, 90(102456), 102456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2021.102456
  51. Sanchez-Lopez, M. D. (2023). Geopolitics of the Li‐ion battery value chain and the Lithium Triangle in South America. Latin American Policy, 14(1), 22–45. https://doi.org/10.1111/lamp.12285
  52. Servicio Geológico de Estados Unidos (USGS). (2022). Mineral Commodity Summaries 2022 – Lithium https://pubs./periodicals/mcs2022/mcs2022-lithium.pdf
  53. Smart, S. (2020). The political economy of Latin American conflicts over mining extractivism. The Extractive Industries and Society, 7(2), 767–779. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2020.02.004
  54. Stampatori, D., Raimondi, P. P., & Noussan, M. (2020). Li-ion batteries: A review of a key technology for transport decarbonization. Energies, 13(10), 2638. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13102638
  55. Tola, M. (2018). Between Pachamama and Mother Earth: Gender, political ontology and the rights of nature in contemporary Bolivia. Feminist Review, 118(1), 25–40. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41305-018-0100-4
  56. Van Cott, D. L. (2002). Constitutional reform in the Andes: Redefining indigenous-state relations. En Multiculturalism in Latin America (pp. 45–73). Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781403937827_3
  57. Voskoboynik, D. M., & Andreucci, D. (2022). Greening extractivism: Environmental discourses and resource governance in the ‘Lithium Triangle’. Environment and Planning E Nature and Space, 5(2), 787–809. https://doi.org/10.1177/25148486211006345
  58. Zícari, J. N., & Fornillo, B. M. (2017). The power of lithium in south America. Entreciencias Diálogos En La Sociedad Del Conocimiento, 5(12), 12; 4. https://doi.org/10.21933/j.edsc.2017.12.197

Artículos similares

También puede Iniciar una búsqueda de similitud avanzada para este artículo.