Physicochemical and microbiological evaluation of water for human consumption in six rural High Andean communities of Huancavelica-Peru
WOHLER GONZALES SAENZ
Published 2023-01-31
Keywords
- Water,
- Domestic water,
- Drinking water,
- Fresh water,
- Water quality
How to Cite
Abstract
In the high Andean rural area of Perú, it is important to monitor the quality of water according to the goals and indicators of sustainable development corresponding to its availability, its accessibility, and that these are free of fecal and chemical contamination. In this regard, there is limited information on the quality of water for human consumption that does not support those involved in the correct management of water with efficient intervention strategies.
Therefore, the objective of this research was to contribute with updated information on the status of water quality in six high Andean rural communities in the department of Huancavelica in Peru, corresponding to physicochemical and microbiological parameters. The communities were Antaccocha, Huaylacucho, Pampachacra, Pueblo Libre, San Gerónimo and Sachapite located between 3782 m.a.s.l. and 4196 m.a.s.l. that house a total of 17 water reservoirs where the study was carried out. The physicochemical evaluation included variables such as turbidity, electrical conductivity, pH, total dissolved solids and oxidation potential; the microbiological included the evaluation of Echericha Coli, thermotolerant and fecal coliforms. As a result, only 1/17 (5.9%) sampling point has exceeded the turbidity limit value of 5 NTU allowed by Peruvian regulations; the other parameters are within the allowed threshold. Regarding the microbiological parameters (Echericha Coli, thermotolerant and fecal coliforms), 4/17 (23.5%) monitoring points have exceeded the limit value allowed by the regulation of water for human consumption; Likewise, it has been found that these three parameters are related.
References
- Bain, Robert, Richard Johnston, Francesco Mitis, Christie Chatterley, and Tom Slaymaker. 2018. “Establishing Sustainable Development Goal Baselines for Household Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Services.” Water (Switzerland) 10(12). doi: 10.3390/w10121711.
- Barakat, Ahmed, Redouane Meddah, Mustapha Afdali, and Fatima Touhami. 2018a. “Physicochemical and Microbial Assessment of Spring Water Quality for Drinking Supply in Piedmont of Béni-Mellal Atlas (Morocco).” Physics and Chemistry of the Earth 104(January):39–46. doi: 10.1016/j.pce.2018.01.006.
- Barakat, Ahmed, Redouane Meddah, Mustapha Afdali, and Fatima Touhami. 2018b. “Physicochemical and Microbial Assessment of Spring Water Quality for Drinking Supply in Piedmont of Béni-Mellal Atlas (Morocco).” Physics and Chemistry of the Earth 104(February 2017):39–46. doi: 10.1016/j.pce.2018.01.006.
- Barboza-palomino, Gloria I., Ayde Kari-ferro, Lourdes Magaly Zamalloa-puma, Antonieta Mojo-quisani, Edgar G. Aron, Ayde M. Solano-reynoso, and Yudith Choque-quispe. 2022. “Proposal of a Water-Quality Index for High Andean Basins :”
- Campos-Sánchez, Miguel, Rita Ricaldi-Sueldo, Marianella Miranda-Cuadros, and Equipo MONIN. 2011. “Diseño Del Monitoreo Nacional de Indicadores Nutricionales (MONIN), Perú 2007-2010.” Revista Peruana de Medicina Experimental y Salud Pública 28(2). doi: 10.17843/rpmesp.2011.282.486.
- Choque-Quispe, David, Sandro Froehner, Carlos A. Ligarda-Samanez, Betsy S. Ramos-Pacheco, Diego Elio Peralta-Guevara, Henry Palomino-Rincón, Yudith Choque-Quispe, Aydeé M. Solano-Reynoso, Gloria I. Barboza-Palomino, Fredy Taipe-Pardo, and L. Magali Zamalloa-Puma. 2021. “Insights from Water Quality of High Andean Springs for Human Consumption in Peru.” Water (Switzerland) 13(19). doi: 10.3390/w13192650.
- Copeland, Ari, and Darren A. Lytle. 2014. “Measuring the Oxidation-Reduction Potential of Important Oxidants in Drinking Water.” Journal - American Water Works Association 106(1):E10–20. doi: 10.5942/jawwa.2014.106.0002.
- Custodio, María, Fernán Chanamé, Samuel Pizarro, and Danny Cruz. 2018. “Quality of the Aquatic Environment and Diversity of Benthic Macroinvertebrates of High Andean Wetlands of the Junín Region, Peru.” Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research 44(3):195–202. doi: 10.1016/j.ejar.2018.08.004.
- OMS/UNICEF. 2015. “Informe de Actualización 2015 y Evaluación Del ODM.” Progresos En Materia de Saneamiento y Agua Potable 90.
- OMS/UNICEF. 2017. “OMS | Informe 2015 Del PCM Sobre El Acceso a Agua Potable y Saneamiento: Datos Esenciales.” WHO.
- OMS/UNICEF. 2021. “Sanitation and Hygiene Peru JMP Estimates :” (July).
- Ortega-Murillo, María R., Reyna Alvarado-Villanueva, Juan Diego Sánchez-Heredia, Marbella Arredondo-Ojeda, and Ivón Martínez-Sánchez. 2011. “Abundancia y Distribución Del Fitoplancton En Un Lago Hiposalino, Michoacán, México.” Biológicas 13(2):15–20.
- Quispe-Coica, Alejandro, Sonia Fernández, Luz Acharte Lume, and Agustí Pérez-Foguet. 2020. “Status of Water Quality for Human Consumption in High-Andean Rural Communities: Discrepancies between Techniques for Identifying Trace Metals.” J — Multidisciplinary Scientific Journal 3(2):162–80. doi: 10.3390/j3020014.
- Senamhi. (2020). Climas del Perú, mapa de clasificación climática nacional. Lima Perú: Servicio Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología del Perú. Obtenido de www.gob.pe/senamhi
- Water for Perú. 2011. “Fortalecimiento De Competencias De Las Juntas Administrativas De Agua Y Saneamiento - Jass.” Wfp 29.
- WHO. 2011. “Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality.” Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality - 4th Ed.
- World Health Organization. 1971. “International Standards for Colour.” Pp. 1–70 in International standards for drinking-water,. Elsevier.
- Yacoub, C., N. Blazquez, A. Pérez-Foguet, and N. Miralles. 2013. “Spatial and Temporal Trace Metal Distribution of a Peruvian Basin: Recognizing Trace Metal Sources and Assessing the Potential Risk.” Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 185(10):7961–78. doi: 10.1007/s10661-013-3147-x.